ĐK: \(x\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(pt\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}-1+\sqrt{2x-1}-1+x^2+x-2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x-1}{\sqrt{x}+1}+\dfrac{2x-2}{\sqrt{2x-1}+1}+\left(x-1\right)\left(x+2\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+1}+\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{2x-1}+1}+x+2\right)\left(x-1\right)=0\)

Vì \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+1}+\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{2x-1}+1}+x+2>0\) nên \(x-1=0\Leftrightarrow x=1\left(tm\right)\)

ĐKXĐ \(3x^2-5x+1\ge0;x^2-2\ge0;x^2-x-1\ge0\)

Ta có : \(\sqrt{3x^2-5x+1}-\sqrt{x^2-2}=\sqrt{3.\left(x^2-x-1\right)}-\sqrt{x^2-3x+4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{3x^2-5x+1}-\sqrt{3\left(x^2-x-1\right)}=\sqrt{x^2-2}-\sqrt{x^2-3x+4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{3x^2-5x+1-3.\left(x^2-x-1\right)}{\sqrt{3x^2-5x+1}+\sqrt{3\left(x^2-x-1\right)}}=\dfrac{x^2-2-x^2+3x-4}{\sqrt{x^2-2}+\sqrt{x^2-3x+4}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{-2x+4}{\sqrt{3x^2-5x+1}+\sqrt{3\left(x^2-x-1\right)}}=\dfrac{3x-6}{\sqrt{x^2-2}+\sqrt{x^2-3x+4}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\\dfrac{3}{\sqrt{x^2-2}+\sqrt{x^2-3x+4}}+\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{3x^2-5x+1}+\sqrt{3\left(x^2-x-1\right)}}=0\left(∗\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Xét phương trình (*) ta có VT > 0 \(\forall x\) mà VP = 0

nên (*) vô nghiệm

Vậy x = 2 là nghiệm phương trình 

\(1,\sqrt{x+2+4\sqrt{x-2}}=5\left(x\ge2\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x-2}+4\right)^2}=5\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}+4=5\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}=1\\ \Leftrightarrow x-2=1\Leftrightarrow x=3\\ 2,\sqrt{x+3+4\sqrt{x-1}}=2\left(x\ge1\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x-1}+4\right)^2}=2\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}+4=2\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}=-2\\ \Leftrightarrow x\in\varnothing\left(\sqrt{x-1}\ge0\right)\)

\(3,\sqrt{x+\sqrt{2x-1}}=\sqrt{2}\left(x\ge\dfrac{1}{2};x\ne1\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow x+\sqrt{2x-1}=2\\ \Leftrightarrow x-2=-\sqrt{2x-1}\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-4x+4=2x-1\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-6x+5=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-5\right)\left(x-1\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=5\left(tm\right)\\x=1\left(loại\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(4,\sqrt{x-2+\sqrt{2x-5}}=3\sqrt{2}\left(x\ge\dfrac{5}{2}\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-4+2\sqrt{2x-5}}=6\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{2x-5}+1\right)^2}=6\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}+1=6\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-5}=5\\ \Leftrightarrow2x-5=25\Leftrightarrow x=15\left(TM\right)\)

1) đkxđ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\\y\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)

Xét biểu thức \(P=x^3+y^3+7xy\left(x+y\right)\)

\(P=\left(x+y\right)^3+4xy\left(x+y\right)\)

\(P\ge4\sqrt{xy}\left(x+y\right)^2\)

Ta sẽ chứng minh \(4\sqrt{xy}\left(x+y\right)^2\ge8xy\sqrt{2\left(x^2+y^2\right)}\)  (*)

Thật vậy, (*)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2\ge2\sqrt{2xy\left(x^2+y^2\right)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^4\ge8xy\left(x^2+y^2\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^4+y^4+6x^2y^2\ge4xy\left(x^2+y^2\right)\) (**)

Áp dụng BĐT Cô-si, ta được:

VT(**) \(=\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2+4x^2y^2\ge4xy\left(x^2+y^2\right)\)\(=\) VP(**)

Vậy (**) đúng \(\Rightarrowđpcm\). Do đó, để đẳng thức xảy ra thì \(x=y\). 

Thế vào pt đầu tiên, ta được \(\sqrt{2x-3}-\sqrt{x}=2x-6\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x-3}{\sqrt{2x-3}+\sqrt{x}}=2\left(x-3\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=3\left(nhận\right)\\\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2x-3}+\sqrt{x}}=2\end{matrix}\right.\)

 Rõ ràng với \(x\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\) thì \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2x-3}+\sqrt{x}}\le\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{2.3}{2}-3}+\sqrt{\dfrac{3}{2}}}< 2\) nên ta chỉ xét TH \(x=3\Rightarrow y=3\) (nhận)

Vậy hệ pt đã cho có nghiệm duy nhất \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(3;3\right)\)

Lời giải:

a. ĐKXĐ: $x\geq 4$

PT $\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(x-4)+4\sqrt{x-4}+4}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(\sqrt{x-4}+2)^2}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow |\sqrt{x-4}+2|=2$

$\Leftrightarrow  \sqrt{x-4}+2=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x-4}=0$

$\Leftrightarrow x=4$ (tm)

b. ĐKXĐ: $x\in\mathbb{R}$

PT $\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(2x-1)^2}=\sqrt{(x-3)^2}$

$\Leftrightarrow |2x-1|=|x-3|$

\(\Rightarrow \left[\begin{matrix} 2x-1=x-3\\ 2x-1=3-x\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left[\begin{matrix} x=-2\\ x=\frac{4}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)

c.

PT \(\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} 2x-1\geq 0\\ 2x^2-2x+1=(2x-1)^2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x^2-2x=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x(x-1)=0\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow x=1\)

Điều kiện xác định phương trình \(x\ge\frac{1}{4}\).

Nhân cả hai vế với \(\sqrt{2}\) phương trình tương đương với

\(\sqrt{4x-2\sqrt{4x-1}}-\sqrt{4x+2\sqrt{4x-1}=4}\leftrightarrow\left|\sqrt{4x-1}-1\right|-\left|\sqrt{4x-1}+1\right|=4\)

\(\leftrightarrow\left|\sqrt{4x-1}-1\right|-\sqrt{4x-1}=5\).

Trường hợp 1. NẾU \(x\ge\frac{1}{2}\to\sqrt{4x-1}-1-\sqrt{4x-1}=5\to\) loại

Trường hợp 2. NẾU \(\frac{1}{4}\le x

\(\sqrt{x^2+2x+1}+\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(x+1\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(x^2-1\right)^2+1}=1\)

Mà \(\sqrt{\left(x+1\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(x^2-1\right)^2+1}\ge1\)

nên dấu "=" <=> x = -1

\(\sqrt{x^2+2x+1}+\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}=1\)

<=> \(\sqrt{x^2+2x+1}=1-\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}\)

<=> \(\left(\sqrt{x^2+2x+1}\right)^2=\left(1-\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}\right)^2\)

<=> x² + 2x + 1 = x⁴ - 2x² + 3 - 2\(\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}\)

<=> x² + 2x + 1 - (x⁴ - 2x) = -2\(\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}\) - (x⁴ - 2x)

<=> -x⁴ + 3x² + 1 = -2\(\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}+3\)

<=> -x⁴ + 3x² + 1 - 3 = -2\(\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}\)

<=> (-x⁴ + 3x² - 2)² = (-2\(\sqrt{x^4-2x^2+2}\))²

<=> x⁸ - 6x⁶ - 4x⁵ + 13x⁴ + 12x³ - 8x² - 8x + 4 = 4x⁴ - 8x² + 8

<=> x = -1

=> x = -1